Sensation and Perception Essay Example

Sensation and Perception Essay Sensation and perception are two of the major concepts of Psychology. But as far as the English language is concerned, sensation and perception doesn’t have much of a difference at all. But in the field of Psychology, these two terms are discriminately different from each other. Sensation is often associated to a stimulus. And even if sensation is a part of perception itself, sensation has its own unique meaning than perception. Sensation, as its name suggests, is linked to the person’s senses. Sensation is more concerned about the characteristics of entities. Describing words such as hot, red, loud, or painful, are some examples of words that in direct relation to the concept of sensation. Sensation is something a person can classify. It is his ability to measure, compare, locate, or assign a certain characteristic to a certain object. Generally speaking, sensation is related to what a person feels, sees, hears, smells, or tastes. Sensation is all about a person’s acquaintance with a fact (James, 1950). Perception, on the other hand, is an entirely different concept. If sensation merely detects a stimulus, perception is a little bit deeper that than. Perception is all about acknowledging the stimulus and analyzing it with the use of this mind. If sensation deals with a person’s emotions and senses, perception is one step higher as it involves a persons mental function. Simply defined, perception is the process of recognizing and interpreting a certain sensation. Its concept indicates that whatever a person takes through his senses are further analyzed in the brain. And as such, an explanation is sought and achieved. Perception has always been regarded as the persons first step towards logic (Kaernbach et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Sensation and Perception specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sensation and Perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sensation and Perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Comparing these two definitions side by side, it is clear to see that sensation is the passive way of processing of bringing forth of information that comes from the outside world going into one’s body through the sense organs and all the way to the brain. On the other hand, perception is more of an active process. It involves the mind to select, organize, and interpret all the stimuli that was brought into a person’s brain through the same process as sensation does. When it comes to measuring sensations and perceptions, psychologists found out that people can be in inconsistent with the way they see, feel, hear, or detect a certain stimulus. And even if the level of stimulation is set at a constant level, every person has a different way of processing or acknowledging the stimulus presented to his or her (Pettijohn, 2007). This is where signal detection theory comes in. The signal detection theory is a technique that involves the modeling of a person’s decision-making process in relation to the things he or she senses. What the signal detection theory essentially does is to overcome the problem associated to peoples guessing when a certain stimulus is presented to them. The signal detection theory test revolves around three main concepts: hit, miss, and false alarm. Hit happens when a certain stimulus is offered to a subject and he says yes. This means he sensed the stimulus and acknowledged it correctly. It is also possible that no stimulus is presented and the subject says no. This means that his rejection of the stimulus is correct. It is a miss if the stimulus presented to the subject and he says no. This indicates that he was not able to detect the stimulus at all. False alarm is when a person says yes, he did detect the stimulus but then again, there was no stimulus presented to him at all. Considering these concepts involving the tests of the signal detection theory, the probability of the subject correctly detecting the stimulus either presented or suspended from him is measured. Depending upon the accuracy of a persons sensation and perception, he can accept or reject the stimuli that were presented to him. Sensory adaptation is also referred to as neural adaptation. It is the change of a persons sensory system over time when it comes to his responsiveness to a constant stimulus is concerned. A good example of sensory adaptation is when a person goes inside a movie theater. At first, everything is dark and it is impossible to find a seat without assistance. But after a few seconds, his eyes adjust to the unchanging stimulus, which is darkness, and everything becomes a little bit brighter and he begins to the things around him. Sensory adaptation is referred to as the impermanent change to a persons neural response to a steady stimulus. Sensory adaptation is believed to be a cause of the phenomena surrounding perception like motion after effects and after images. It is also the concept that causes a persons visual perception to disappear or fade out in the lack of fixational eye movements. Sensitization is a type of non-associative learning that involves the enhancement of a persons reflex response by presenting a strong stimulus. Desensitization is the exact opposite of sensitization. If sensitization makes a person sensitive to a certain stimulus, desensitization removes that sensitivity by constantly presenting the same stimulus to him. The most common and the simplest example of sensitization is when a person is exposed to certain substances, lets say pollens. When your body detects pollens continuously or in increasing quantity, it reacts with a sneeze. It is also possible that the person develops illnesses like coughs and colds. And so the next time the body perceives the pollens, it recognizes it as a threat to health. Medicine terms it as allergens. On the other hand, when a person undergoes desensitization, what actually happens is that he will be subjected to the very things that cause him allergies. And it is done with the intention of curing him out of it. Psychiatrists and psychologist usually use the desensitization process to treat people who are suffering from certain phobias.

How to Make a Volcano Using Pop Rocks

How to Make a Volcano Using Pop Rocks The classic homemade chemical volcano relies on a reaction between baking soda and vinegar to produce an eruption of foamy lava, but you can make a volcano even if you dont have these ingredients. One easy way is to use Pop Rocks candy and carbonated soda. The reaction between these two ingredients gave rise to the false notion that drinking cola and eating Pop Rocks would cause your stomach to explode. Its true the two ingredients combine to produce a lot of gas, but if you eat them, you burp out the bubbles. In a homemade volcano, you can make a cool eruption. Heres what you do: Pop Rocks Volcano Materials 20-oz bottle of any soda or other carbonate beveragepacket of Pop Rocks candy (red or orange colored flavors look most like lava)model volcano If you dont have a model volcano, you can use homemade dough to form the shape of a volcano around the unopened soda bottle. If you like, paint or decorate the dough so it looks like a volcano. How To Make the Volcano Erupt The eruption can be messy, much like the Mentos and soda reaction, so its a good idea to set up your volcano outdoors, on a kitchen counter, or in a bathtub. Otherwise, place a plastic tablecloth around the volcano to make clean-up easier.Dont open the soda until you are ready for the eruption. When its time, carefully uncap the bottle. Disturb it as little as possible, to help prevent gas from escaping.Pour in the Pop Rocks candies. One way to get all the candy into the volcano at once is to roll up a sheet of paper into a tube. Put your finger on the end of the tube to close it off and pour in the Pop Rocks. Release the candies over the mouth of the bottle. Move away quickly or youll get sprayed with lava! How the Volcano Works Pop Rocks contain pressurized carbon dioxide gas that is trapped inside a candy coating. When you eat them, your saliva dissolves the sugar, releasing the gas. The sudden release of pressure makes the popping and cracking sound  since ​the  pressure of the gas breaks out of the candy once it gets thin enough. The volcano works much the same way, except its the soda that dissolves the candy shell to release the gas. The eruption is made more forceful by the sudden release of carbon dioxide in the soda. The bits of candy provide surface area for the dissolve carbon dioxide in the soda to collect and form bubbles, which push their way out of the narrow mouth of the bottle. Things To Try If you want lava that overflows the volcano, try adding a squirt of dishwashing soda to the soda before you add the Pop Rocks. For more colorful lava, add a few drops of red or orange food coloring to the soda or else use a red-colored soda, like Big Red, or a brown soda, like Dr. Pepper or any brand of root beer. Some energy drinks are also lava-colored. At that matters is that the drink is carbonated.

5 Illegal Interview Questions and How to Deal with Them

5 Illegal Interview Questions and How to Deal with Them When it comes to job interviews, honesty (okay, maybe enhanced honesty in some cases) is the way to go. But what if the interviewer is asking you questions they have no right to ask? Out of ignorance or slyness, an interviewer might try to get information out of you that the company is not allowed to factor into their hiring decisions. However, you’re not obligated to answer them- and in fact you shouldn’t. Your battle plan should be to figure out why they’re asking (whether it has direct consequences for the job itself), and to decide whether you should answer. In most cases, the answer is â€Å"no,† but there are ways to redirect the conversation and/or call attention to the inappropriateness of the question without alienating the interviewer. After all, it may just be someone talking off the cuff without realizing it’s actually illegal to talk about certain personal issues. Some of the hardest interview questions you’ll encounter might be illegal.Here are some examples of illegal interview question areas, and how to get around them.1. Religion/Race/Sexual OrientationDo you volunteer with your church? That’s an interesting last name, what’s your background? These questions all sound pretty harmless†¦just making small talk, right? Yet each one gives away information known as â€Å"protected class.† Employers are prohibited by federal and state law from hiring (or not hiring) based on categories like race or ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation. Talking about topics like your church (or lack thereof), your spouse, or your family’s ethnic background can give information that could tip the interviewer against you if there’s a bias involved. Even if it happens in a pre-interview chat, before you get down to the brass tacks of the job itself, you’ve given information that the interviewer had no real right to ask.The way to handle this is to redirect the question. If you r efuse to answer, even though you’re in the right, it could set you up as â€Å"combative† or disagreeable in the eyes of the interviewer. It’s okay to be vague and try to channel the conversation elsewhere. On church activity: I do volunteer at my local soup kitchen- I like to give back to the community when I can. On family background: Gotta love the American melting pot, right? 2. AgeYou have a pretty long and distinguished resume, do you see yourself retiring soon? Age (particularly 40 and up) is another protected class. If an interviewer tries to get information about how old you are, he or she might be trying to suss out whether you’re likely to be a long-time employee at the company†¦or whether this job is a pit stop on your way to the golf course.You should never feel obligated to give your age. Instead, take the chance to re-emphasize your commitment to the job for which you’re interviewing: On the contrary, I’m looking forward to talking about a long and productive relationship with this company, and bringing the fruits of that experience to my work for a long time to come.3. Family StatusIf you’re pregnant, have children, or may want children some day†¦doesn’t matter. An interviewer is not allowed to use your family status as part of the hiring decision. Even if you’re eight months pregnant in your interview suit, he or she can’t ask when you’re due, or about your childcare plan afterward.In a case like this, the best tactic is to try to push it back on the asker. Without being overly antagonistic, it’s okay to ask, Can you help me understand why that matters? I just want to make sure I better understand what this job entails.4. Whether You’ve Been ArrestedConvictions are fair game for interviewers and job applications, but arrests (without convictions) are not. Even that’s starting to change in some places: New York is looking at phasing out e mployers’ ability to ask about particular kinds of convictions. For now, however, convictions are askable, but arrests are not.If you’re asked, have a simple response ready to go (taking too long can trigger the kind of reaction you’re trying to avoid): I have never been convicted of anything, no. And if you do have a conviction, it’s essential to remember not to lie about that, because a background check would likely uncover that information.5. Your Military ServiceI see from your resume that you’re in the National Guard. Does that take up much of your time? Employers are not allowed to use active military service as criteria in hiring. Basically, the interviewer can’t factor in your military service at all. If you choose to answer this one, emphasize that you’ve never had a problem balancing your service with your career.6. Disability StatusIf you don’t mind my asking, how did you get in that wheelchair? Will you be on crutch es long-term? I see you have glasses- is that a pretty strong prescription? The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is pretty clear- employers are not allowed to discriminate against employees that may need physical accommodations. Instead, they are allowed to ask if you would need any specific accommodations to do the job.If it seems like the interviewer is fishing for information about a disability, deflect it. Are you asking whether I would need special accommodations? Or, I’m not sure I see how this relates to my ability to analyze sales reports- can you clarify and help me understand?The most important thing to remember is that if you feel uncomfortable, you don’t have to answer- but you also don’t have to disqualify yourself by putting up a defensive wall or walking out of the interview. It’s fine to call attention to the reasons behind asking (in as non-confrontational a way as you can manage), then try to segue back to the interview and job desc ription as quickly as possible.If you have concerns about any of the areas outlined here, definitely check with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and know your rights as an applicant.

Environmental Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Science - Essay Example Understandably, there was an angry response from the Indian intelligentsia, some of them calling Bush an imperialist, while many others blamed America for being the cause of the food crisis by its diversion of grains for manufacturing biofuels. The burgeoning population of the less developed countries like India and China has always been a favorite butt for some scientists and politicians to blame for all the ills of the world from climate change to the food crisis. They quote the Malthusian catastrophe, but according to Paul and Anne Ehrlich, all the developed, rich nations can be called overpopulated because they are using up the resources of the planet rapidly. (Ehrlich & Ehrlich 1990). The poorer societies make do with much less. The consumer oriented life style of the developed nations , with their hunger for more and more energy is responsible for the depletion of resources and the environmental degradation of the planet. Rainforests of the Amazon basin are being destroyed to produce ethanol, to fuel the energy hungry West. Michael Grunwald in his article "The Clean Energy Scam" , published in the Time magazine says, "Brazil now ranks fourth in the world in carbon emissions, and most of its emissions come from defore station". The invaluable rainforests, with their enormous biodiversity.

Theory Of Hegemony Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory Of Hegemony - Term Paper Example These studies are also concerned with areas like culture, digital and visual culture, cyberspace, and media and economic and super structural social organizations with the core principal of enabling communication are the core of media studies. Various scholars and researchers have come up with theories explaining critical communication and effects affecting critical communication studies this paper will examine hegemony theory and expounds how it has contributed significantly to the field critical communication studies (Anderson, 2006). An analysis of hegemony theory reveals that cultural institutions are significant in power maintenance, in capitalist societies using cultural institutions. Antonio Gramsci who is an Italian writer, political theorist, linguist, politician, philosopher, writer, and sociologist developed hegemony theory. Gramsci is of considerable significance in the founding of Communist Party of Italy and as one of the fop Marxist thinkers, during his regime Gramsci emerged as a distinguished figure in analyzing culture and political leadership. The theorist is known for the contribution to the use of cultural institutions in maintaining power in capitalist societies by use of his theory of cultural hegemony. ... The theorist views modern intellectuals to be organizers and practically minded directors significant in producing hegemony using ideological devices, for example, education and media and not talkers like the past intellectuals. He went further in bringing a distinction between thinking groups and traditional intellectuals; traditional society views itself being a class and a sector of the society while the thinking groups are products from their own ranks. Cramsci holds a view a believe that need for the creation of a working-class culture to serve the main purpose of renovating and to formulate critical of the status quo in the existing activities of the intellectuals. Gramsci could not manage to pursue his education because of financial and health problems as well have his emerging political commitment by that time he had, however, acquired a sufficient knowledge in various fields like history and philosophy. He had also interacted with thoughts from other thinkers like Antonio La briola, Benedetto Croce, Giovannini Gentile and Rodolfo Mondolfo during his studies at the university. Gramsci’s work on writing socialist including Grido dell Popolo from 1914 boost in earning positive reputation as an outstanding journalist, he later join the Piedmont edition of Avant as a co-editor that is for the Socialist official organ. His eloquence and profilic writing on political theories confirmed his ability of being a formidable commentator participating on writing of features concerning the Turin’s social and political life (Anderson, 2006). During this time, Gramsci ventured into education and the general organization of Turin workers while presenting his speech for the first time in

Value of Art in Society Essay Example for Free

Value of Art in Society Essay Art is a very powerful means of expressing ones self, and it can be viewed either very positively or very negatively. Art has a way of bringing people together by portraying an idea that everyone can relate to. It has the ability to have a big impact on society, but its just a matter of getting people appreciate the value of it. (Lawrence 1). Suzanne Lacy created a chart of artists roles to show you the different steps an artist can take from being private or public. There is the artist as an experiencer, the artist as a reporter, and artist as an analyst, and the artist as an activist. As Suzzanne Lacy puts it, Artists as reporters represent their world. Artists as experiencers give tangible form to their feelings about the world. Artists as analysts look beyond the immediate to reveal hidden universal truths. And artists as activists help us see the world in new ways. (Sayre 66). The activists even expect their work to impact the world. They believe they can affect the world and change it for the better. (Sayre 66). In 1967, when the NEA, National Endowment for the Arts, was created, artists could finally express their art in a way for people to value art for arts sake. What this meant was people could finally look at art and value it for its beauty as an aesthetic object. Not all art has to be practical or functional. Some art is just meant to be seen, and meant to be pleasing to look at. As soon as people could embrace the idea of valuing art for arts sake and appreciating it, then art could start to enhance their social life. The NEA figured that if people enjoyed looking at public art, then having public art in itself enrich peoples lives. It would give them something beautiful to look at, and at least make their town more interesting. (Sayre 71-72). Public arts are not always perceived to be positive. There are many artistic pieces that have been shunned and looked down upon by the public. Many large sculptures have been negatively looked at by the public eye, such as Carl Andres Stone Field Sculpture, and Richard Serras Tilted Arc. When the Stone Field Sculpture was first put up there were protesters, and a lot people felt that it was a waste of their money and time. But after it was up, and people started to see it for what it was, they actually started to enjoy it. Andre believed his piece to be not only aesthetically pleasing, but also intellectually compelling. (Sayre 72-73. ) I feel that society could potentially be moved positively by art if they would allow themselves to appreciate it, and from there, take action. The awareness that comes from art will only lead to a better society if the people take action based on the ideas they discover in art. (Lawrence 1). WORKS CITED Lawrence, Joyce. Art in Society. 2002. Accessed 8 Jan. 2006. Sayre, Henry M. A World of Art. New Jersey: Pearson Education. 2004

Football Essay examples -- essays research papers

College Football VS. Pro Football   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With a growing number of people becoming interested in professional football along with college football, I thought I would explain some of the contrasts and comparisons’ between the two divisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first big contrast is the number of teams and number of games they play in a season. College football has 117 teams in the division 1-A, which is the top division. There are over a thousand teams in the 5 lower divisions. College teams play any where from 11 regular season games to 13. Some conferences have conference championship games which is another game and then the bowl games (Which is the college footballs postseason, which we’ll talk about later) if you make one. So basically college teams can play any where from 11 to 15 total games in a year. All 32 pro football teams play 16 games in a regular season. If you make the playoffs you can play up to 4 more games if you keep winning games in the playoffs. Also pro football teams play a preseason which college doesn’t. The preseason can consist of four to five more games. Pro football teams can play a minimum of 16 games and a maximum of 20 games. The 2 common parts of the season for the pros and college teams is that don’t play everyone in one season and they get a bye week during the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College and pro tea...

A five-year career goal plan

I work for AAFES it is a subcontractor for the government. In this company the main store is called the† PX â€Å"in the civilian world it would be like a Wal-Mart. There are other stores that are included like gas stations and fast food restaurants such as Burger King, Taco John’s, McDonald’s etc. AAFES are located on military bases around the world. We serve for the men and women in the military â€Å"wherever they go we go† we provide services from the basic necessities to high-end products. My duty as an area manager is to make sure to take care of the customer service and the complaints also to make sure all training is done by all employees as needed. Was a manager I find ways to improve the sales floor with new fresh idea to meet sales goals. I also make sure all the accounting is correct and accurate such as items that need to be counted twice a day such as laptop iPad high-end Jewelry and items worth more than $1000. I am responsible to make sure that this is correct at all times. I have to make sure to look at all the receipts making sure that the item is received properly. When I complete my bachelors in business and human resource I would like to be in a retail environment. I’ve been with this company about 9 years I feel I have experience and not the education and that’s why I’m back in college so I will not get turned down a position because of the lack of education. I believe I could be selected for a store manager position because the education and experience and the classes that I have taken to become a manager. I will need to focus on improving my performance at work. The more I learn about what is needed to become a store manager the easier it will become when I’ve met my goal. Within the 3 years of my retail profession I will have my Masters in business and human resource that will give me a higher level of education. I will have more training and more experience for the job of being a training facility manager. I have had 2 manager position in aafes I have been in the position as a Burger King manager and a Retail Manager. I believe with my experience and education I will be more than qualified for the next positions. Within the 5 years of my retail profession I would like to become a retail HR anager I will have my Masters by then I’ll have experience being a store manager and food manager also being a training facility manager and that would be my dream job and I would stick with that until I retire. I would be more knowledgeable of the different job titles. I would have more experience on what you can do in the company and what you can’t do in the company. I would have the experience to make sure the employees complaints are taken care of and be more knowledgeable within the company so I could be successful of helping the employees on different levels. The career path that I have chosen will benefit my family. They always say â€Å"hard work pays off â€Å"(Evans, Stephanie) and I believe that I would have to sacrifice my weekends and holidays with my family for upcoming years for the job of my dreams. I would love to have a 9-to-5 job with weekends and holidays off but I believe that is a small price to pay for 2 years versus 18 years of the job of your dreams. Knowledge is power in my eyes. (Stephanie Evans) I feel that if I have the education and experiences that I will be successful in meeting goals. I am dedicated I’m a hard worker I’m reliable and trustworthy. Most of my colleagues come to me because I will share the information that will help them be successful in this company as well. I believe in this company because my dad served in the Army and my husband is in the currently in the Army. I always wanted to join the Army but I couldn’t because I am physically handicapped and this is one way I can serve my country by putting a smile on the faces of the men and women that serve our country, putting their life on the line for our freedom. And all I want to do is to make sure they have great customer service and will have great experience when they shop at AAFES. References Anderson, L, E., & Bolt, S.B. (2013). Professionalism: Skills for Workplace Success. (3rd Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle: New Jersey. http://www.totaljobs.com/careers-advice/job-profile/retail-jobs/department-manager-job

Sniffy Report

The amounts of bar presses for the different training schedules were compared. It was found that non-target behaviors were frequent during the first observation session, but as an association with bar pressing was formed, an increase In target behavior was observed. The IVR schedule produced more target behaviors, and when the reinforce was removed, target behavior decreased. The CRY rat appeared to learn the target behavior more quickly, and the target behavior became extinct more gradually. However, when the reward (virtual pellet) was taken away or decreased, the rats' target behavior decreased.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 3 Method Participants The sample included fifteen students who shaped virtual rats named â€Å"Sniffs. † These students were In a Psychology 310 class at Clemson University. The class was made up of juniors and seniors In college. Two virtual rats were observed In this experiment using the â€Å"Sniffs† program. These rats were considere d to be representative of the population because they were programmed to behave the way a â€Å"normal,† â€Å"average† rat would. Materials or Apparatus A virtual Skinner Box was used in this procedure. In this box. Ere was a bar for the rat to press and a food dispenser ending at a hopper. Virtual pellets of food were also used In this experiment. Procedure This procedure was conducted In a laboratory setting as an observational study. The experiment consisted of two rats and was between-subject. Observations began with the fifteen students simply observing a virtual rat and recording behaviors that they could possibly study. These behaviors were: sniffing, walking, circling, cleaning, crouching, lying flat, and standing on hind legs. However, the definitions of these behaviors were arbitrary.Three behaviors (bar pressing, rearing, and grooming) were then operationally defined and became the focus of the virtual rats' behaviors. Bar pressing was operationally defined to be when Sniffs pressed the bar that would give him a virtual pellet. Rearing was operationally defined as Sniffs standing on his hind legs against a wall, but not his standing on his hind legs in the middle of the cage. Grooming was operationally defined as Sniffs cleaning his face with his front paws, but not any other type of cleaning behavior. One of the virtual rats Comparison exhibition of these three behaviors was taken from the fifteen students.This was done to define a baseline for â€Å"normal† behavior in these virtual rats. Upon devising this baseline, the students shaped â€Å"Sniffs† for 45 minutes on a continuous reinforcement schedule. The object of training the virtual rat was to teach him how to press the bar and, thus, receive a food pellet. To train him, the students pressed the bar every time Sniffs got close to the food hopper. This caused familiarity with the sound of a bar press, a connection of the sound and the food pellet, and eventually, the connection of the bar press and the food pellet.Thus, Sniffs was trained to press the bar to get food. Because of time constraints, no one in either group completely trained the virtual rats, but for ease of understanding, fully trained rats were used after this part of the procedure. This experiment was done with simulated hungry rats. The students then split up into groups of seven and eight to observe two different virtual rats. The group of seven observed a rat trained on a continuous reinforcement (CRY) schedule, and the group of eight observed a rat trained on a variable ratio-5 (IVR) schedule.The groups observed the virtual rats at different times, but each group observed for 30 minutes. The group observing the rat on a CRY schedule observed and recorded the number of bar presses their Sniffs displayed. The group observing the rat on a IVR schedule recorded the number of bar presses, rearing, and grooming behaviors exhibited by Sniffs. After the virtual rats were trained and observed, the students attempted to extinguish the behavior they trained Sniffs to perform. Both virtual rats were considered to be fully shaped at the beginning of this section of the study.The settings were changed on the Sniffs program so that there was no sound when the bar was pressed. The rats also did not receive any food pellets when they pressed he bar. The rats were observed for ten minutes each at different times. Bar pressing, rearing, Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 5 and grooming behaviors were recorded. Again, because of time constraints, neither rat became completely extinct in the ten minutes of observation, but completely extinct rats were used for the next section of the experiment. Extinction was defined as less than one bar press per minute for the rats.After behaviors for both rats were extinguished, they were placed on their previous schedules of reinforcement to measure recovery behavior. The rats ere observed for twelve minutes in attempt to retr ain them to press the bar for food. Once more, because of time constraints, the virtual rats were set back to full association of bar pressing with food for the remainder of the experiment. Finally, punishment took place. A fully trained CRY virtual rat and a fully trained IVR virtual rat were used in this section. High punishment was implemented for every time the rats pressed the bar.This punishment was a shock from the floor of the Skinner Box. Both rats received this treatment. Each of the rats was observed for five minutes. Bar reusing, rearing, and grooming behaviors were recorded during this time. It is believed that the rat may have thought it was still in extinction, and it is possible that the rat never actually gained the habit back. There were several confound that could have affected the results of this experiment. The lab assistant kept time by incorrect recording of data could have resulted from human error.At times, the virtual rats pressed the bar many times sequent ially, making it difficult to accurately record the data. In this study, the independent variable was the level of reinforcement the rats got when they pressed the bar; these levels were: no enforcement, CRY, IVR, and positive punishment. No reinforcement was used during baseline observations. CRY and IVR were used in training the rats to press the bar and again in recovery. Positive punishment was used in attempt to extinguish the learned behavior of bar pressing in the rats.The dependent variable was the virtual rats' pressing of the bar, Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 6 and data was collected. It is arguable that rearing and grooming behaviors were additional dependent variables, but the one being studied and compared was the bar pressing behavior. There were no ethical problems in this procedure. Virtual rats were used, so no live animals were in danger. These were the only participants in the experiment. The experimenters were also not in danger. The only possible issu e would be stress.The experimenters had a slight amount of stress on them to keep up with the bar presses of these rats. Other than this minor possible dilemma, the experiment was ethically sound. There was no compensation offered in this procedure, and very little bias was likely to play a role in the collection of data. Results Frequency behavior was observed and recorded during this experiment. The IVR rat's training included 118 bar presses for 45 minutes. A noticeable difference was found in the frequency of bar presses for the rat trained on a CRY schedule and the rat trained on a IVR schedule.Figure 1 shows the differences in baseline, CRY, and IVR rat observations of behaviors. Figure 2 gives a comparison of the extinction of the CRY and IVR trained rats. In the twelve minutes the students observed the IVR rat after extinction, no recovery was made. A slight recovery was made in the CRY rat. In the recovery after punishment, the IVR rat pressed the bar four times and did not receive a pellet. The data for all of the observations made can be found in Figure 3. Over all, the differing training techniques appeared to have affects on the response of virtual rats to the independent variable.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 7 Discussion Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 1 focused on the observation section of the experiment to define a baseline. It was predicted that more non-target behaviors (rearing and grooming) would occur more often than the target behavior (bar pressing). As seen in Figure 1, the hypothesis was supported. The baseline included almost no bar presses and larger amounts of rearing and grooming. Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 2 suggested that during shaping, there would be an increase in target behavior and a decrease in non-target behavior as an association was formed.This hypothesis was supported for the rat trained on a IVR schedule, but was not recorded for the rat trained on a CRY. These figures are recorded in Figure 1 . The fact that non-targ et behaviors were not recorded for the CRY rat Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 3 stated that the rat trained on the IVR schedule would result in more bar presses per minute than the rat trained on the CRY scale. Again, Figure 1 shows this hypothesis to be true. There was a large difference in the amount of bar presses each of the rats exhibited. This is likely because the IVR rats had to press the bar for an unknown number of times in order to receive a food pellet.Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 8 Hypothesis 4 Hypothesis 4 stated that during extinction, the target behavior would increase with the removal of the reinforce. Figure 2 shows this to be true for both rats. When the rats had no motivation to press the bar, they lost interest. There were several extinction bursts, but after the tine often minutes ended, the rats had lost a considerable amount of interest in the target behavior. Implementation This project is applicable to humans in that it demonstrates support for the Beha vioral approach to psychology.A traditional Skinner Box was used, and the traditional ideas of providing reinforcement and punishment as a means of controlling behavior were applied. The ability to compare rat behavior to human behavior is questionable, but a widely- accepted theory was supported in this study. Strengths and Weaknesses This study was done in a small laboratory setting with only two rats. The small number of participants in this study ay be a hindrance in the application of the results to multiple facets. To generalize the study, more rats should be used to test the various shaping methods.Another weakness of this study is that the time measurement was imprecise. The time was kept by the lab assistant, and she occasionally forgot to call the time. Human error plays a part in this as well. Another factor human error likely played a part in is the collection of the data. Although the students were all specifically trying to be accurate in their recordings, it is not li kely that even a single person recorded all of the data refectory. One more weakness includes the fact that the non-target behaviors were not recorded during training of the CRY rat.The data would have been more easily compared if they were consistent across the experiment. Comparison of CRY and IVR After Shaping 9 A major strength in this procedure was the accuracy of averages across the data. Though there were slight differences in the reports of collected data, much of the numbers were close in range. Another strength in this experiment was that the rats being observed were modeled after live rats in a laboratory. Therefore, he experiment was able to be conducted without the use of live animals, and the reported data were likely similar to that from a study on live rats.Further Research This study would be interesting to implement in the lives of humans. Many would argue that rats are different from humans, and therefore, this behavior does not apply to humans. Shaping human beha vior would be difficult to test in a laboratory setting, but if possible, it would be interesting. Parallelism in the observation groups is a good idea to add to further studies. Because this study was missing a few observations, the data collected was less useful to those analyzing it.

IBM Indiana and Telecommuting essays

IBM Indiana and Telecommuting essays The purpose of this case study is to explore the benefits of and problems with telecommuting. It also provides an understanding of the importance of technological support in making telecommuting successful. Technological advances have made it feasible to redefine where work is done. The traditional notion of an office as the place where someone goes to work seems to be going the way of the buggy whip, the eight-track tape, and the stenographer. Companies such as Procter portable computers, cellular phones, and fax machines all enable remote or mobile work. This paper will elaborate on how IBM – Indiana implemented telecommuting, perspectives of the employees, perspectives of IBM, advantages to society, the effectiveness of Wiley's leadership, the mobility concept, and tips for managing in the new environment. Why did IBM-Indiana decide to adopt telecommuting? In 1993 IBM-Indiana was contemplating further head-count reductions on top of earlier drastic decrease in staff. The goal was to reduce worldwide employment to 225,000 by the end of 1994. IBM real estate manager John Frank proposed an alternative option to lying off additional staff. His proposal could possibly save the required overhead expense by reducing the required amount of office space by allowing employees telecommute from offices in their home. This proposal was accepted and implemented for some 300 people in three months' time. The technology was available to enable IBM to redefine the concept of the traditional office; portable computers, cellular phones, and fax machine...

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. It also helps an organization in spotting existing inefficiencies by keeping a constant check on their emplo yees’ productivity. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process management is implemented to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an enterprise by automating its business processes. The key factor involved in choosing a BPM solution is to choose one that will fit the organization in all situations, as conditions governing a business tend to change with fluctuations in market conditions. It is not feasible for an organization to change its BPM as and when situations change. Business re-engineering can mean serious trouble especially when applied by people who do not understand it. There are examples of thousands of organizations that were running into losses but subsequently, achieved remarkable profits due to well-managed BPM projects. The key to the success of these companies lay in applying BPM to their key business processes. Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to ad apt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and process change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance.

Organising the classroom for ADHD pupils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organising the classroom for ADHD pupils - Essay Example The incident impacted on me as it gave me a chance to experience firsthand how ADHD students act in the classroom setting. The end goal of this paper is to establish ways by which the classroom can be managed to fit the needs of the ADHD student. The coaching model provides a strong foundation for the learning which needs to be established for ADHD students. This model seeks to assist students in reframing how they understand themselves as capable individuals. Coaches would set ground rules in order to secure boundaries on what students may or may not do, and the goals they can establish for themselves. These coaches also ask questions in order to help the ADHD students reflect; they also encourage problem-solving skills and provide encouragement and self-belief (Derrington, 2005). This situation involves an ADHD student who manifested the classic signs of ADHD including hyperactivity, short attention span, easy distractibility, class disruptiveness, impulsivity and inattentiveness. Due to his symptoms, he was also having difficulty keeping up with the class lessons. The importance of having to secure a conducive learning environment for him became a necessity especially when the student was falling well behind his other classmates. A plan was established in order to provide support for the student and to ensure his full and effective participation. Such support is partly based on the coaching model which accepts the importance of providing guidance and encouragement for the students in their lessons and activities. The student had one-on-one support for his daily lessons, however, this was not working well for the student as different teaching assistants were assigned to him for each subject. The different approaches of the teaching assistants made the situation even more difficult for the student to adapt to. After the teachers and teaching assistants met and discussed the student’s case, it was suggested that there was a need to make changes in the cl assroom in order to ensure more efficient outcomes. It was suggested that the student needed to have only one teaching assistant assigned to him for his daily lessons. This would help provide consistency and discipline for his lessons and his learning. The reflective process and model which would be applied for this essay would be the Gibbs reflection style. This reflective style provides specific details on the different events surrounding the critical incident. The actions and decisions involving the incident will then be critically assessed and analyzed, applying evidence-based research in order to provide sufficient support and logic for the actions made (Jasper, 2003). This reflective model includes a description of the event, the feelings during the incident, the evaluation of the incident, an analysis of the incident, and an action plan for the incident (Jasper, 2003). A description of the incident is already provided above. In relation to the feelings encountered, I felt tha t the student needed to secure a more stable and consistent classroom environment, one where he would not have to make constant adjustments. I also felt that the student also needed to adjust to a normal classroom setting in order to help him gain the social skills of interactions with his classmates. In evaluating what was good and bad about the experience, I felt that the teaching assi